#mozambique independence day

[blackbrownfamily]

HAPPY MOZAMBIQUE INDEPENDENCE DAY ❗💯☀

JUNE 25, 1975

[psychotrenny]

Like I really do wish people remembered more about the Anti-Imperial struggles of Southern Africa in the late 20th century. As incomplete as their revolutions may have been, with the politically free nations succumbing to the overwhelming force of Western Imperialism and being taken over by neo-colonial comprador regimes, what they did manage to achieve was still so very impressive. A struggle for human dignity against the most openly cruel and brutish forms of colonialism, the mobilisation and education of the most impoverished and super-exploited people on the planet in the name of not only liberating their own people but with the understanding that they were advancing the interests of humanity as a whole. Nationalist in character and internationalist in spirit, seeking to build independent nations that could co-operate in solidarity with all the progressive minded peoples of the world. Introducing healthcare, education and fair exchange into the forgotten and exploited parts of their country, giving a purpose to millions who enthusiastically gave their lives to defend and advance their gains both material and psychological.

The MPLA in Angola, FRELIMO in Mozambique, the alliance of ZANU and ZAPU in Zimbabwe, SWAPO in Namibia and the ANC of South Africa. It's also worth remembering the PAIGC of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde who, despite their geographical separation, faced a common enemy and so forged deep bonds with their comrades to the south. Whatever their eventual fates after independence, triumphs and failures alike, the struggles they fought against the reactionary White Supremacist regimes of Portugal, Rhodesia and South Africa were nothing short of heroic. Despite vast differences in space and time, I think these struggles hold both inspiration and lessons for progressives peoples all over the world to this day. It's truly a great shame how much they've been forgotten, these conflicts only ever brought up as a footnote to something more well known rather than as an area of interest in their own right.

If you're curious, the Africa section of the Marxist Internet Archive has a lot of good material from the period that's a good place to start learning more, even if it is rather lacking in information from the latter portion of the struggle. ARG's Race to Power gives a good overview of the general situation in Southern Africa as of 1971, while LSM has some good general collection of material collected from Angola, Mozambique and Guinea-Bissau. The entire LSM "Life Histories from Revolution" series provides some really interesting first hand ground-level accounts of the conditions of life under Imperialism and the movements that formed to oppose it, while their Interviews with Liberation Movement Leaders provides the views of people higher up in the revolutionary movements. I'd recommend checking them out to at least broadly familiarise yourself with these tragically neglected struggles.

[peacephotography]

Happy Portuguese Freedom Day! 🌸 Today Portugal remembers the nonviolent rebellion that ended a 50-year long dictatorship; reestablished democracy in the country and led the path to decolonisation and independence for Angola, Cape Verde, São Tomé e Príncipe, Mozambique and Guinea-Bissau.

[workingclasshistory]

On this day, 25 April 1974, Portugal’s right-wing Estado Novo dictatorship was overthrown by a military coup by low ranking army officers who had formed the Movement of the Armed Forces (MFA). When officers loyal to the dictatorship ordered the troops to open fire, a mutiny by rank-and-file soldiers effectively prevented a counter-revolution. The events would become known as the Carnation Revolution, as few shots were fired and people adorned troops with red and white carnations which were in season and being widely sold on the streets at the time. The collapse of the regime was then followed by a working class uprising which lasted over 18 months. Urban workers took over their workplaces and rural workers took over land and farmed it collectively. The key factor in the unpopularity of the regime was the long-running colonial war against independence movements in Angola, Mozambique, Guinea Bissau, Cape Verde, and São Tomé and Principe which had been raging since anti-colonial uprisings in the early 1960s. After the revolution these former colonies all soon achieved independence. Learn more in our podcast episodes 41-42: https://workingclasshistory.com/2020/08/13/e41-42-the-portuguese-revolution/ Books and other items commemorating the events are available in our online store: https://shop.workingclasshistory.com/collections/portuguese-revolution https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=614851630688056&set=a.602588028581083&type=3

[readyforevolution]

One day in the future, there will be a place named the United States of Africa Federation. It will be a vast territory comprised of many countries. The leaders will convene and decide to unite the region to make it stronger, thus creating a federation.

In the United States of Africa Federation, there will be one prominent leader known as the President. The President will be the leader who will make all the significant decisions. However, the President will not be a dictator. The President will be elected by all the people within the United States of Africa Federation.

They will also have a single currency for all the countries - no more kwachas, nairas, or rand - just one significant currency called the Afri-dollar, making trading and other activities easier. Additionally, they will have one massive army known as the African Defence Force to protect the entire federation from bad actors and keep everyone safe.

The United States of Africa Federation will not be perfect. There will be complex issues to address. The Federation will have to figure out how to share resources and help all the people in need.

Overall, people will work together to create a better future for Africa. They will make Africa strong and proud. It will be a place where everyone will be equal and will respect one another.

This concludes the story of the United States of Africa Federation, prophesied by African revolutionaries who have advocated for the unity of Africa:

1. Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana): Nkrumah was a key figure in the Pan-African movement and played a crucial role in Ghana's independence from British colonial rule. He strongly advocated for African unity and was instrumental in the formation of the Organization of African Unity (OAU), now known as the African Union (AU).

2. Patrice Lumumba (Democratic Republic of Congo): Lumumba was an influential leader in the struggle for Congo's independence from Belgium. He envisioned a united Africa free from colonialism and exploitation. Unfortunately, his leadership was cut short by his assassination in 1961.

3. Julius Nyerere (Tanzania): Nyerere was the first president of Tanzania and a prominent advocate for African unity. He believed in socialism and played a crucial role in the formation of the OAU. Nyerere actively supported liberation movements across Africa and worked towards economic and political integration.

4. Amílcar Cabral (Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde): Cabral was a revolutionary leader and the founder of the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC). He fought against Portuguese colonial rule and championed the idea of a united Africa. Cabral's ideas on liberation and African unity continue to inspire many.

5. Thomas Sankara (Burkina Faso): Sankara, often referred to as "Africa's Che Guevara," was the president of Burkina Faso. He advocated for self-reliance, social justice, and pan-Africanism. Sankara pushed for economic independence and called for African countries to break free from the shackles of neocolonialism.

6. Samora Machel (Mozambique): Machel was the first president of an independent Mozambique. He was a staunch supporter of African liberation movements and a vocal advocate for African unity. Machel emphasized the importance of self-determination and worked towards regional integration in Southern Africa.

7. Jomo Kenyatta (Kenya): Kenyatta played a crucial role in Kenya's struggle for independence and became the country's first president. While focusing on building a strong and independent Kenya, he also emphasized the importance of African unity and cooperation.

[brookston]

Holidays 10.19

Holidays

All-Ukrainian Day of Human Responsibility (Ukraine)

Change Your Life Day

Dress Like a Dork Day

Durin’s Day (The Hobbit) [Original Date]

Evaluate Your Life Day

Feast of the Wicked Scam

Freedom to Read Day of Action

Global Niemann-Pick Disease Awareness Day

Imagine a Day Without Water

International Day of Cathedrals

International Day of Service for Kappa Alpha Theta

International Freelancer Day

International Human Rights Day (Turks and Caicos Islands)

International Ska Day

Lawyer’s Day (Moldova)

LGBT Center Awareness Day

Make A Scarecrow Day

Maurice Bishop Day (Grenada)

Mother Theresa Day (Albania)

National Clapping Cheeks Day

National Clean Your Virtual Desktop Day

National Day of Remembrance for Steadfast Clergy (Poland)

National Friendzone Day

National Heroes Day (Grenada)

National Jared Day

National Kentucky Day

National Kiss Your Crush Day

National Payton Summons Day

National Psoriatic Arthritis Awareness Day (Canada)

National Thalassemia Day (UK)

New Friends Day [also 1.19; 7.19]

Oxfordshire Day (UK)

Peruvian-African Friendship Day (Peru)

Rainforest Day

Rescuer Day (Kazakhstan)

Samora Machel Day (Mozambique)

Technology Day (Thailand)

Tomato Day (French Republic)

Women Without Children Day

World Bioethics Day

World Breast Cancer Day (Colombia, Mexico, Peru, Spain)

World Day Against Breast Cancer

World E-Sports Day

World Humanitarian Action Day

World Pediatric Bone and Joint Day

World Slotting Day

World Vagina Day

Yabusame Festival (Koyama, Japan)

Yorktown Day

Food & Drink Celebrations

Greasy Spoon Day

International Gin and Tonic Day

National Seafood Bisque Day

Independence & Related Days

Constitution Day (New Zealand, Niue)

Ikonia (Declared; 2018) [unrecognized]

Niue (1974)

3rd Saturday in October

Bridge Day (West Virginia) [3rd Saturday]

Frabjous Day [3rd Saturday]

Home Movie Day [3rd Saturday]

I Love Yarn Day [3rd Saturday]

International Archeology Day [3rd Saturday]

International Independent Video Store Day [3rd Saturday]

International Repair Day [3rd Saturday]

International Sloth Day [3rd Saturday]

National Bridge Day [3rd Saturday]

National Fetch Day [3rd Saturday]

National Harp Day (Ireland) [3rd Saturday]

National Mover Over Day [3rd Saturday]

National Paint Your Own Pottery Day [3rd Saturday]

National Slow Down Day [3rd Saturday]

National Surfing Day (Costa Rica) [3rd Saturday]

National Whole Hog Barbecue Day [3rd Saturday]

O. Henry Pun-Off World Championships [3rd Saturday]

Raw Milk Cheese Appreciation Day [3rd Saturday]

Sandwich Saturday [Every Saturday]

Sharing Economy Saturday [3rd Saturday]

Six For Saturday [Every Saturday]

Spaghetti Saturday [Every Saturday]

Sweetest Day [3rd Saturday]

World Singing Day [3rd Saturday]

Weekly Holidays beginning October 19 (2nd Full Week of October)

Finno-Ugrian Days (Hõimupäev; Estonia)

Festivals Beginning October 19, 2024

Apple Butter Festival (Lansing, Michigan) [thru 10.20]

Apple Dumpling Festival (Stuart, Virginia)

Apple Harvest Festival (Waynesville, North Carolina)

Borrego Days Desert Festival (San Diego, California) [thru 10.20]

Bowen’s Wharf Seafood Festival (Newport, Rhode Island) [thru 10.20]

Chatsworth Cranberry Festival (Chatsworth, New Jersey) [thru 10.20]

Chili Cookoff (Fort Pierce, Florida)

Cleveland Apple Festival (Cleveland, Tennessee) [thru 10.20]

Cochran-Bleckley Country Fest (Cochran, Georgia)

Conecuh Sausage Festival (Evergreen, Alabama)

Dairyville Orchard Festival (Los Molinos, California)

Deep Roots Festival XX (Milledgeville, Georgia)

Dessert Wars (Charlotte, North Carolina)

Detroit Fall Beer Festival (Detroit, Michigan)

Elkhorn's Oktoberfest (Elkhorn, Wisconsin)

Fall Harvest Festival (Mount Vernon, Virginia) [thru 10.20]

Gainesville Chicken Festival Chicken Cook-Off (Gainesville, Georgia)

Half Moon Bay Art & Pumpkin Festival (Half Moon Bay, California)

Herb Market (San Antonio, Texas)

Holy Trinity Heritage Food Fair (Baltimore, Maryland) [thru 10.20]

Hop N Hog Culpeper Block Party & BBQ Competition (Culpeper, Virginia)

Kenmare GooseFest (Kenmare, North Dakota) [thru 10.24]

Loris Bog-Off Festival (Loris, South Carolina)

Macomb County HarvestFest (Sterling Heights, Michigan) [thru 10.20]

Marunada Chestnut Festival (Dobreć, Croatia) [thru 10.20]

Missouri Chestnut Roast Festival (New Franklin, Missouri)

Mystic Apple Festival (Mystic, Connecticut) [thru 10.20]

NC Fall Liver Mush Festival: Mush, Music & Mutts (Shelby, North Carolina)

New York Empanada Festival (Newburgh, New York)

North Carolina Oyster Festival (Ocean Isle Beach, North Carolina) [thru 10.20]

NYS Sheep & Wool Festival (Rhinebeck, New York) [thru 10.20]

Oktoberfest (Campbell, California) [thru 10.20]

Outer Banks Seafood Festival (Nag's Head, North Carolina)

Pumpkinfest (Franklin, North Carolina)

Return of the Salmon Festival (Anderson, California)

San Diego Spirits Festival (San Diego, California)

Santa Barbara Vintners Festival (Solvang, California)

Seafood Festival (Cedar Key, Florida) [thru 10.20]

Springville Apple Festival (Springville, California)

Taco Fest (Scottsdale, Arizona)

Taste of Soul (Los Angeles, California)

Taylorsville Apple Festival (Taylorsville, North Carolina)

Tennessee Beer, Wine & Shine Festival (Nashville, Tennessee)

Town Point Virginia Wine Festival (Norfolk, Virginia) [thru 10.20]

U.S. National Oyster Festival in St. Mary’s County (St. Mary's County, Maryland) [thru 10.20]

Vimoutiers Apple Festival (Vimoutiers, France) [thru 10.20]

Wellfleet Oysterfest (Wellfleet, Massachusetts) [thru 10.20]

Westy Fest (Westminster, Colorado)

Whiskey Wine & Fire (Timonium, Maryland)

Yadkin Valley Grape Festival (Yadkinville, North Carolina)

Feast Days

Aaron (Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria)

Aquilinus of Évreux (Christian; Saint)

Armilustrium (Ancient Roman Festival of Mars)

Barbarella Day (Church of the SubGenius; Saint)

Bettara Ichi (Pickle Market a.k.a. Sticky-Sticky Fair; Ebisu Shrine, Tokyo, Japan)

Carista: Day of Peace in the Family (Pagan)

Desiderius (Didier) of Auxerre (Christian; Saint)

Diderot (Positivist; Saint)

Emma Bell Miles (Artology)

Ethbin (a.k.a. Egbin; Christian; Saint)

Frideswide (Christian; Saint)

Giorgio Cavazzano (Artology)

Henry Martyn (Anglican Communion)

Isaac Jogues, Jean de Brébeuf, and Companions (Christian; Saints)

Jerzy Popiełuszko (Christian; Blessed)

John le Carré (Writerism)

Paul of the Cross (Christian; Saint)

Peter Max (Artology)

Peter of Alcantara (Christian; Saint)

Philip Pullman (Writerism)

Pierre Alechinsky (Artology)

Prides (Christian; Saint)

Ptolemaeus and Lucius (Christian; Saint)

Rene Goupil (Christian; Saint)

Seek the King Week (Shamanism)

Theodoros Vryzakis (Artology)

Travel Poobah (Muppetism)

Try Not To Die Day (Pastafarian)

Umberto Boccioni (Artology)

Varus (Christian; Saint)

Veranus of Cavaillon (Christian; Saint)

William Carey (Episcopal Church)

Lucky & Unlucky Days

Sensho (先勝 Japan) [Good luck in the morning, bad luck in the afternoon.]

Umu Limnu (Evil Day; Babylonian Calendar; 48 of 60)

Premieres

Angels in the Outfield (Film; 1951)

Antipop, by Primus (Album; 1999)

Believe, by Cher (Song; 1999)

The Boys Bounce Back or Springtime in the Rocky (Rocky & Bullwinkle Cartoon, S6, Ep. 312; 1964)

A Chorus Line (Broadway Musical; 1975)

Clerks (Film; 1994)

Counterparts, by Rush (Album; 1993)

Damn the Torpedoes, by Tom Petty (Album; 1979)

The Enchanter, by Vladimir Nabokov (Short Story; 1986) [published posthumously]

Fahrenheit 451, by Ray Bradbury (Novel; 1953)

Fried Chicken (Terrytoons Cartoon; 1930)

The Gay Divorcee (Film; 1934)

Honeyland (Ub Iwerks Happy Harmonies MGM Cartoon; 1935)

Hound for Pound (Noveltoons Cartoon; 1963)

Injustice (Animated Film; 2021)

I Second That Emotion, by Smokey Robinson and the Miracles (Song; 1967)

Le Belle Sauvage, by Philip Pullman (Novel; 2017) [The Book of Dust Trilogy #1]

Let’s Stalk Spinach (Fleischer/Famous Popeye Cartoon; 1951)

Looking for Mr. Goodbar (Film; 1977)

Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (Film; 1939)

Mucho Loma, Part 1 (Rocky & Bullwinkle Cartoon, S6, Ep. 311; 1964)

Mulholland Drive (Film; 2001)

Mylo Xyloto, by Coldplay (Album; 2011)

Pin Ups, by David Bowie (Album; 1973)

The Planet Mouseola (Noveltoons Cartoon; 1960)

Prince, by Prince (Album; 1979)

The Razor’s Edge (Film; 1984)

Riding in Cars with Boys (Film; 2001)

Rockin’ Around the Christmas Tree, recorded by Brenda Lee (Song; 1958)

Sir Irving and James (Noveltoons Cartoon; 1956)

Stop Making Sense, by Talking Heads (Film; 1984)

Take On Me, by A-ha (Song; 1985)

Tally-Hokum (Noveltoons Cartoon; 1965)

Tannhäuser, by Richard Wagner (Opera; 1845)

A Tiger’s Tail (Noveltoons Cartoon; 1964)

Turtle Scoop (Noveltoons Cartoon; 1961)

Vs., by Pearl Jam (Album; 1993)

Waking Life (Animated Film; 2001)

Watership Down (US Animated Film; 1978)

Wednesday Morning, 3 A.M., by Simon & Garfunkel (Album; 1963)

Who’s Who in the Jungle (Terrytoons Cartoon; 1945)

Yule Laff (Noveltoons Cartoon; 1962)

Today’s Name Days

Frieda, Isaak, Johannes, Paul, Peter, Petrus (Austria)

Ivan, Izak, Joel, Pavao (Croatia)

Michaela (Czech Republic)

Balthasar (Denmark)

Stella, Tähte, Tähti (Estonia)

Uljas (Finland)

Cléo, René (France)

Frieda, Frida, Isaak, Paul (Germany)

Cleopatra, Felix (Greece)

Nándor (Hungary)

Isaac, Laura (Italy)

Drosma, Drosme, Drosmis, Elīna, Valts (Latvia)

Geisvilas, Kantrimė, Kleopatra, Laura (Lithuania)

Tora, Tore (Norway)

Ferdynand, Fryda, Pelagia, Pelagiusz, Piotr, Siemowit, Skarbimir, Toma, Ziemowit (Poland)

Ioil (Romania)

Kristián (Slovakia)

Laura, Pablo, Pedro (Spain)

Tor, Tore (Sweden)

Cleo, Cleon, Cleopatra, Howard, Howie (USA)

Today is Also…

Day of Year: Day 293 of 2024; 73 days remaining in the year

ISO: Day 6 of Week 42 of 2024

Celtic Tree Calendar: Gort (Ivy) [Day 21 of 28]

Chinese: Month 9 (Jia-Xu), Day 17 (Bing-Chen)

Chinese Year of the: Dragon 4722 (until January 29, 2025) [Wu-Chen]

Hebrew: 17 Tishri 5785

Islamic: 15 Rabi II 1446

J Cal: 23 Orange; Twosday [23 of 30]

Julian: 6 October 2024

Moon: 92%: Waning Gibbous

Positivist: 13 Descartes (11th Month) [George Leroy / Cabanis]

Runic Half Month: Gyfu (Gift) [Day 13 of 15]

Season: Autumn or Fall (Day 28 of 90)

Week: 3rd Full Week of October

Zodiac: Libra (Day 27 of 30)

[bloodyentrails]

#didnt Germany colonize tanzania? maybe they celebrate?

@storkmuffin

yes there have been german colonies especially in africa but i have no idea if they celebrate independence or whether that was a fight for them. which is shameful.

wikipedia just informed me that germany had to give up the colonies in the treaty of versailles at the end of ww1 so whilst people were fighting against colonisation in all those territories, they were ultimately liberated then.

idk much about the history of the people the german government enslaved so i wonder if the territories were simply renamed or borders changed as well. i imagine an independence day is something you'd celebrate if your territory stays the same. idk if that makes much sense. but idk to what degree the colonies were geographically bordered and that's the kind of niche stuff i would consider. (e.g. deutsch-ostafrika is now the countries of tanzania, burundi, mozambique and rwanda, so i wonder if they would all have the same independence day)

also fascinated to learn that they were called 'schutzgebiete' i.e. under protection? because i wonder what they were being protected from??!!

[dailyhistoryposts]

Zenzile Miriam Makeba

Zenzile Miriam Makeba (1932-2008), sometimes called Mama Africa, was a South African musician and civil rights activist.

Born in Prospect, South Africa to a Swazi mother and a Xhosa father, Makeba's early life was full of difficult events. When she was 18 days old, her mother was arrested, so Makeba spent the first six months of her life with her mother in jail. After moving to Transvaal, her father died and Makeba worked as a nanny. In 1949, she married a policeman, who beat her and then left her. She also had both breast and cervical cancer.

Makeba was interested in music from a young age--she sang in church in four languages (English, Xhosa, Sotho, and Zulu). She liked both South African and African American songs, and grew up listening to records of Duke Ellington and Ella Fitzgerald. She started singing professionally as the only woman in men's groups, like the Cuban Brothers and the Manhattan Brothers. Makeba eventually joined the all-female group the Skylarks, where she became famous, though she received no royalties from this work.

She became internationally famous for her voice and her on-screen appearances, and Makeba travelled and lived in Europe and North America. In 1960, when attempting to return to South Africa for family funerals, Makeba discovered her South African passport had been cancelled and she was exile from her home country. Makeba continued to sing and and fight against South African apartheid in the United States, where she was critically successful but commercially unpopular. Her activism caused her to be declared a stateless person, as her South African citizenship was revoked, but throughout her life was granted honorary citizenship in ten countries.

Makeba became a diplomat and a symbol of African independence. She was invited to sing at many countries' independence ceremonies, including Kenya, Angola, Zambia, Tanganyika (now Tanzania), and Mozambique. She was a delegate to the United Nations and met many politicians.

In 1990, Makeba returned to South Africa. Mandela, whom she has also met personally, helped convince her to come back. She spent the end of her life working, fighting, and singing. She suffered a heart attack on stage in Italy, and could not be revived. She was remember as a genre-spanning singer-songwriter, one of the faces of the anti-Apartheid movement, and as a woman who believed in a bright future worth the struggle. Listen to some of her most popular songs and performances 1. Qongqothwane ("The Click Song") performed live 2. Pata Pata 3. Ndodemnyama we Verwoerd 4. Miriam Makeba's 1964 Speech to the United Nations

[beardedmrbean]

MAPUTO, Mozambique (AP) — At least 10 people were fatally shot by police and dozens of others were injured when authorities cracked down on unrest following Mozambique's presidential election, two medical groups said, as the country braced Thursday for more protests against a vote criticized as fraudulent by opposition parties and questioned by international observers.

Daniel Chapo of the ruling Front for the Liberation of Mozambique was announced as the winner of the election on Oct. 24, extending the Frelimo party's 49 years in power since independence from Portugal in 1975. Chapo is to succeed President Filipe Nyusi, who is stepping down after serving the two terms allowed under the constitution.

Frelimo has regularly been accused of rigging elections and Mozambique's security forces have previously been criticized for suppressing protests with deadly force. Opposition parties claimed fraud on the day of the election, while observers from the European Union said in a later report that there were irregularities in the vote counting and some results had been altered.

Tensions were high in the southern African country in the buildup and immediate aftermath of the Oct. 9 vote, but more unrest was stoked when two senior officials of an opposition party were killed in their car in the capital, Maputo, on Oct. 18 after being ambushed by unidentified gunmen late at night. The opposition says the attackers fired 25 bullets at the car.

The killings were widely seen in Mozambique as being politically motivated. One of the victims was the lawyer and adviser to Venancio Mondlane, the main opposition candidate for president who was second in the election.

Ten people died of gunshot wounds and another 63 were wounded by gunfire in protests between Oct. 18 and Oct. 26, the Medical Association of Mozambique and the Mozambique Order of Doctors said in a joint statement Wednesday. “In most of the shootings, especially those that resulted in death, the intention of the police was to shoot to kill," Gilberto Manhiça, the head of the Order of Doctors, was quoted as saying by local media.

In a separate statement, Human Rights Watch put the death toll at 11. It said more than 50 people sustained serious gunshot wounds in the protests and called for an investigation into the “apparently excessive use of force."

Amnesty International said police also fired on a peaceful opposition rally in the city of Nampula on Oct. 16, injuring at least one person, and “repeatedly attacked” protesters during the post-election demonstrations.

Protesters burned tires and blocked roads in some cities and authorities characterized some of the unrest as violent that had to be quelled. Police spokesperson Orlando Mudumane told state-run Radio Mozambique that the situation was now “relatively calm and controlled.”

Opposition leader Mondlane has called for a week of new protests to begin on Thursday.

[humanrightsupdates]

Moving North Korea Beyond Deadlock at the UN

On June 12, the United Nations Security Council met to debate North Korea’s human rights situation. It has been 10 years since a historic U.N. Commission of Inquiry on North Korea documented an extensive record of crimes against humanity and other violations and recommended that the Security Council refer North Korea to the International Criminal Court.

At the June 12 meeting, the Security Council specifically focused on connections between human rights violations, forced labor, and other issues that have enabled and support North Korea’s nuclear weapons program.

Russia and China objected to the meeting, and Russia demanded a procedural vote on whether it should proceed. Of the 15 council members, a dozen voted in favor, Russia and China voted against, while Mozambique abstained. The meeting proceeded despite Russian and Chinese opposition as there are no vetoes in procedural votes.

The two permanent Security Council members have long contended that “internal” human rights issues in North Korea do not fall under the Security Council’s general mandate to oversee international peace and security.

Such objections are ludicrous in a U.N. body that regularly debates human rights crises. The issue of human rights in North Korea was formally placed on the council’s agenda 10 years ago, with the approval of 11 council members, as a stand-alone item independent of its existing attention to weapons non-proliferation issues. Council members have also raised human rights issues – and their connection to North Korea’s weapons programs – in over 20 proliferation-related meetings on North Korea since 2014. The most recent resolution updating proliferation sanctions on North Korea in 2017, which China and Russia supported, included language on human rights abuses.

North Korea’s abysmal human rights situation isn’t internal: it is spilling over the country’s borders. The North Korean nuclear weapons program is enabled by repression and forced labor inside the country. Thousands of North Koreans in the last decade have risked torture and death to flee to South Korea or China.

Ten years of “debating” this issue has gone nowhere, and intensifying triangular tensions between the U.S., Russia, and China have only cemented the council’s deadlock. On March 28, Russia vetoed a resolution at the Security Council to renew the mandate of the Panel of Experts who previously monitored compliance of sanctions on North Korea. And a contentious May 31 debate on North Korea’s nuclear weapons program, held four days after North Korea launched a reconnaissance satellite, demonstrated that the Security Council can no longer reach consensus even on issues on which it long was united – North Korea’s nuclear and ballistic weapons programs.

[brookstonalmanac]

Holidays 9.25

Holidays

Acne Day

Armed Forces Day (Mozambique)

Binge Day

Bob Uecker Day (Milwaukee, Wisconsin)

Bruderklausenfest (Obwalden, Switzerland)

Crocus Day (French Republic)

Daf Day (France)

Day of National Recognition for the Harkis (France)

Dominion Day (New Zealand)

Flag Day (Cape Verde)

Franco-Ontarian Day (Canada)

Global Day of Climate Action

Haustmanuour (Iceland)

Hazara Genocide Memorial Day

International Ataxia Awareness Day

International Coaches Day

International Day for Dreamers

Join A Cabal of International Bankers Today Day

Kamarampaka Day (Rwanda)

Math Storytelling Day

Mediterranean Coast Day

National Comic Book Day

National Daughter’s Day

National Day of Non Violence (UK)

National Day of Remembrance for Murder Victims

National Emergency Medical Services Suicide Awareness Day

National Harki Day (France)

National Homage Day of Harkis (France)

National ‘If You See Something, Say Something’ Awareness Day

National John Day

National Math Storytelling Day

National 9 to 5 Day

National Open the Magic Day

National Psychotherapy Day

National Roadkill Day

National Research Administrators Day

National Schnauzer Day

National Tune-Up Day

National Wade Day

National YogaFit Day

National Youth Day (Nauru, Turks and Caicos Islands)

Old Holy Rood Eve

One-Hit Wonder Day

Open the Magic Day

Origin of Life Day

Revolution Day (Mozambique)

Salute the Sun Day (China)

Sandra Day O’Connor Civics Celebration Day (Arizona)

Santa Cruz Day (Bolivia)

Sir Hammer De Roburt Day (Nauru)

Uno Day

World Ataxia Awareness Day

World Dream Day

World Lung Day

World Pharmacists Day

Food & Drink Celebrations

National Bakery Day

National Cooking Day

National Crabmeat Newburg Day

National Food Service Employees Day

National Lobster Day [official, also 6.15]

National Quesadilla Day

World’s Biggest Coffee Morning (UK)

Independence & Related Days

Canterbury South Province Day (New Zealand)

Dracul (Declared; 2017) [unrecognized]

Present House (Declared; 2011) [unrecognized]

4th & Last Wednesday in September

Hump Day [Every Wednesday]

Maple Leaf Day (Canada) [Last Wednesday]

National Rehabilitation Day [4th Wednesday]

National Women's Health and Fitness Day [Last Wednesday]

Rowan’s Law Day (Canada) [Last Wednesday]

See You at the Pole [4th Wednesday]

Wacky Wednesday [Every Wednesday]

Website Wednesday [Every Wednesday]

Weird Wednesday [4th Wednesday of Each Month]

Whatever Wednesday [4th Wednesday of Each Month]

Whole Grain Wednesday [Last Wednesday of Each Month]

Wishful Wednesday [Last Wednesday of Each Month]

World Dense Breast Day [Last Wednesday]

World School Milk Day [Last Wednesday]

Weekly Holidays beginning September 25 (4th Full Week of September)

Minimally Invasive Surgery Week (thru 9.28)

Festivals Beginning September 25, 2024

Belgrade International Theatre Festival (Belgrade, Serbia) [thru 10.4]

Grapes for Grades (Dania Beach, Florida)

Grundy County Corn Festival (Morris, Illinois) [thru 9.29]

J. M. Tawes Crab and Clam Bake (Crisfield, Maryland)

Nairobi International Book Fair (Nairobi, Kenya) [thru 9.29]

Norsk Høstfest (Minot, North Dacota) [thru 9.28]

Ottawa International Animation Festival (Ottawa, Canada) [thru 9.29]

POP Montreal (Montreal, Quebec, Canada) [thru 9.30]

Santa Fe Wine & Chile Fiesta (Santa Fe, New Mexico) [thru 9.29]

SCHLINGEL International Film Festival (Chemnitz, Germany) [thru 10.3]

Versailles Pumpkin Show (Versailles, Indiana) [thru 9.28]

Feast Days

Abadir and Iraja and Companions (Coptic Church)

Albino Appreciation Day (Pastafarian)

Any Port and Lemon in a Storm Day (Pastafarian)

Aunarius (a.k.a. Aunacharius; Christian; Saint)

Anathalon (Archdiocese of Milan; Christian; Saint)

Blessing of Ale Day (Celtic Book of Days)

Captain Beefheart Day (Church of the SubGenius; Saint)

Cadoc (Christian; Saint)

Ceolfrith (a.k.a. Colfrid; Christian; Saint)

Cleopas (Christian; Saint)

Day of Mercury (Travel Blessing; Pagan)

Enderi (Quelle the Elven Fading Season; Starza Pagan Book of Days)

Euphrosyne of Alexandria (Christian; Saint)

Feast of Nmmu (Sumerian Goddess of Primeval Sea)

Feast of Nariwiinyapah (God of Immortal Water)

Finbarr (a.k.a. Barr; Christian; Saint)

Fermin of Amiens (a.k.a. Firmin; Christian; Saint)

Henri Lebasque (Artology)

Lancelot Andrewes (Church of England)

Mark Rothko (Artology)

Mme. de Motteville (Positivist; Saint)

Nicholas of Flüe (Christian; Saint) [Switzerland]

Phyllis Pearsall (Artology)

Pyanopsia (Fest of Beans; Celebrating Apollo & the Horae)

Robert Brackman (Artology)

Rudy the Spider (Muppetism)

Samvatsari (Forgiveness Day; Jain)

Sedna (Eskimo Goddess of the Sea & Underworld; Everyday Wicca)

Sergius of Radonezh (Christian; Saint)

Shel Silverstein (Artology; Writerism)

Toad Tempting Day (Shamanism)

Vincent Strambi (Christian; Saint)

William Faulkner (Writerism)

Yom Kippur began last night (Day of Atonement) [10 Tishrei]

Lucky & Unlucky Days

Shakku (赤口 Japan) [Bad luck all day, except at noon.]

Premieres

Arctic Splashdown (Animated TV Show;Jonny Quest #2; 1964)

Ava (Film; 2020)

Batman: The Dark Knight Returns Pt. 1 (WB Animated Film; 2012)

The Beatles (Animated TV Series; 1965)

Beaucoup of Blues, by Ringo Starr (Album; 1970)

Chariots of Fire (Film; 1981)

Crash Drive or Oedipus Wrecks (Rocky & Bullwinkle Cartoon, S2, Ep. 57; 1960)

Drunk Stoned Brilliant Dead (Documentary Film; 2015)

Evita (Broadway Musical; 1979)

Fender Benders ir The Asphalt Jungle (Rocky & Bullwinkle Cartoon, S2, Ep. 58; 1960)

FIshin’ Around (Disney Cartoon; 1931)

Freaks and Geeks (TV Series; 1999)

Get Off of My Cloud, by The Rolling Stones (Song; 1965)

Going Postal, by Terry Pratchet (Novel; 2004) [Discworld #33]

Happy Days (ComiColor Cartoon; 1936)

Heroes (TV Series; 2006)

Hotel Transylvania 2 (Animated Film; 2015)

The Hustler (Film; 1961)

I’m a Slave 4 U, by Britney Spears (Song; 2001)

The Intern (Film; 2015)

Intruder in the Dust, by William Faulkner (Novel; 1948)

I Wanna Be a Sailor (WB MM Cartoon; 1937)

The Last of the Mohicans (Film; 1992)

Little Swee’Pea (Fleischer Popeye Cartoon; 1936)

Magic, by Bruce Springsteen (Album; 2007)

Me and Bobby McGee, recoded by Janis Joplin (Song; 1970)

The Mindy Project (TV Series; 2012)

Monstrous Regiment, by Terry Pratchet (Novel; 2003) [Discworld #31]

Mr. Saturday Night (Film; 1992)

My Girl, recorded by The Temptations (Song; 1964)

On Photography, by Susan Sontag (Essays; 1973)

Pain Strikes Underdog, Parts 3 & 4 (Underdog Cartoon, S2, Eps. 3 & 4 1965)

The Partridge Family (TV Series; 1970)

The Princess Bride (Film; 1987)

Ramblin’ Man, by The Allman Brothers (Song; 1973)

A Raw Deal or Two Aces and a Pair of Kings (Rocky & Bullwinkle Cartoon, S4, Ep. 163; 1962)

The Rebel, by Albert Camus (Essay; 1951)

Rocky Draws the Line or Who’s Got My Ruler? (Rocky & Bullwinkle Cartoon, S4, Ep. 164; 1962)

The Rocky Horror Picture Show (Film; 1975)

Ronin (Film; 1998)

Roseanna, by Maj Sjöwall & Per Wahlöö (Novel; 1965)

Shark Jaws (Video Game; 1975)

Silver Spoons (TV Series; 1982)

Sioux Me (Woody Woodpecker Cartoon; 1965)

The Story About Ping, by Marjorie Flack (Children’s Book; 1933)

Story of O, by Pauline Réage (Novel; 1954)

Strange Days, by The Doors (Album; 1967)

Stumptown (TV Series; 2019)

Those Were the Days, by Mary Hopkins (Song; 1968)

Utopia (US TV Series; 2020)

The Vanishing Private (Disney Cartoon; 1942)

X, by INXS (Album; 1990)

Young Sheldon (TV Series; 2017)

Today’s Name Days

Irmfried, Nikolaus, Serge (Austria)

Sergei (Bulgaria)

Firmin, Kleofa (Croatia)

Zlata (Czech Republic)

Cleophas (Denmark)

Ago, Agu, Agur, Ako, Koido, Koit (Estonia)

Kullervo, Oivi (Finland)

Hermann (France)

Irmfried, Klaus, Serge (Germany)

Evfrosyne, Evfrosyni (Greece)

Eufrozina, Kende (Hungary)

Aurelia, Caterina, Sergio (Italy)

Rauls, Roderiks, Rodrigo, Vingra (Latvia)

Aurelija, Kleopas, Ramvydė, Vaigintas (Lithuania)

Ingvar, Yngvar (Norway)

Aureli, Aurelia, Aurelian, Franciszek, Gaspar, Herkulan, Kamil, Kleofas, Kleopatra, Ładysław, Piotr, Rufus, Świętopełk, Wincenty, Władysław, Władysława, Włodzisław (Poland)

Vladislav (Slovakia)

Aurelia (Spain)

Signild, Tryggve (Sweden)

Rostyslava, Thekla, Thecla, Volodyslav (Ukraine)

Barrie, Barry, Braxton, Moriah (USA)

Today is Also…

Day of Year: Day 269 of 2024; 97 days remaining in the year

ISO: Day 3 of Week 39 of 2024

Celtic Tree Calendar: Muin (Vine) [Day 25 of 28]

Chinese: Month 8 (Guy-You), Day 23 (Ren-Chen)

Chinese Year of the: Dragon 4722 (until January 29, 2025) [Wu-Chen]

Hebrew: 22 Elul 5784

Islamic: 21 Rabi I 1446

J Cal: 29 Gold; EIghthday [29 of 30]

Julian: 12 September 2024

Moon: 41%: Waning Crescent

Positivist: 17 Shakespeare (10th Month) [Lady Montagu]

Runic Half Month: Gyfu (Gift) [Day 4 of 15]

Season: Autumn or Fall (Day 4 of 90)

Week: 4th Full Week of September

Zodiac: Libra (Day 3 of 30)

[british-revolution]

Alastair Lethbridge-Stewart and Colin Mitchell

Although Haisman and Lincoln created the character of the Colonel and Derrick Sherwin has also tried to claim credit, for my money the real credit for the creation of one of the show’s longest running and most beloved characters belongs to the man who (eventually) cast Nicholas Courtney in the role. Douglas Camfield re-made the character of Colonel Lethbridge in the image of someone he admired (Lt Col. Colin Mitchell) and in the process made him an Anglicised Scot, gave him a double-barrelled name and made him an officer like Mitchell in a Highland regiment (Michell’s was the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders). Take a look at how closely the look of Lethbridge-Stewart resembles Mitchell:

Now Mitchell leading his men into the Crater District in Aden was the last gasp of empire and he later stood as a Tory MP. He was a small, wiry Scot who worked is way up from the rank of Private and neither Nicholas Courtney nor the original casting choices physically resembles him much, in fact someone like Fulton Mackay may have been a closer fit. Nor can I see Lethbridge-Stewart leading his troops into battle against the Autons with 15 pipers playing ‘Scotland the Brave’! Although now I’ve thought of that I’m tempted to write it! Strangely the Highland aspect of Lethbridge Stewart would not be mentioned again until the Camfield directed ‘Terror of the Zygons’, the character’s last regular appearance. So, Camfield rather has just appropriated the image of Mitchell, not especially the character – aside from his oft-quoted ‘leading from the front’ and defining him as as an independent thinking, unconventional soldier. It is worth noting that Mitchell is far from just being the right-wing colonialist he is portrayed as – read his obituary from ‘The Independent’ written by his friend the MP Tam Dalyell, a rather surprising friend at that – he was right wing, but also fiercely anti-apartheid and spent his last days running a charity to clear landmines in places like Angola and Mozambique – showing that caricaturing people on their politics alone rarely presents the whole truth.

Douglas Camfield was supposedly himself rather right wing, somewhat of an anomaly in the BBC of the 60’s, 70’s and 80’s. However he was a bloody good director and much-loved by the people who worked with him. Maybe the show shouldn’t always be made by people with the same views as me, I’m not entirely sure that is healthy. I wouldn’t like to see that conviction tested too far, I can’t imagine a story that provided support for Thatcher or Trump, but certainly at a more abstract level – the level that ‘Doctor Who’ normally operates, when exploring things like pacifism, war, appeasement and resistance, a diversity of views can help, we are talking about big moral issues, with no real answers and opposing views that can be legitimately argued.

(via Web of Fear by Mervyn Haisman and Henry Lincoln (1968) – A Journal of Impossible Things)

[simplestravel]

A day in the capital of Mozambique: Maputo

It is hard to find a quiet spot, the city is full of life.

The National Museum of Art transported some hard emotions. Paintings of crowds in hunger, pain and fear.

1975 Mozambique attained independence from Portugal and bled out in civil war for years. It is one of the poorest countries in the world.

The Portuguese Government did well in building a train station as a status symbol. Sadly there is no railway along the coast.

[workingclasshistory]

On this day, 25 April 1974, Portugal’s right-wing Estado Novo dictatorship was overthrown by a military coup by low ranking army officers who had formed the Movement of the Armed Forces (MFA). When officers loyal to the dictatorship ordered the troops to open fire, a mutiny by rank-and-file soldiers effectively prevented a counter-revolution. The events would become known as the Carnation Revolution, as few shots were fired and people adorned troops with red and white carnations which were in season and being widely sold on the streets at the time. The collapse of the regime was then followed by a working class uprising which lasted over 18 months. Urban workers took over their workplaces and rural workers took over land and farmed it collectively. The key factor in the unpopularity of the regime was the long-running colonial war against independence movements in Angola, Mozambique, Guinea Bissau, Cape Verde, and São Tomé and Principe which had been raging since anti-colonial uprisings in the early 1960s. After the revolution these former colonies all soon achieved independence. Learn more in our podcast episodes 41-42: https://workingclasshistory.com/2020/08/13/e41-42-the-portuguese-revolution/ Books and other items commemorating the events are available in our online store: https://shop.workingclasshistory.com/collections/portuguese-revolution https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=614851620688057&set=a.602588028581083&type=3

[vincentbarletta1]

Unveiling the Essence of Lusophone: A Journey Through Language and Culture

In a world of diverse languages and cultures, the term "Lusophone" holds a unique significance beyond mere linguistic connections. Derived from "Lusitania," the ancient Roman province that encompassed parts of modern-day Portugal and Spain, "Lusophone" refers to the countries, communities, and cultural spheres united by the Portuguese language. This linguistic thread binds regions with rich histories, intricate traditions, and shared aspirations, creating a fascinating tapestry that spans continents and epochs.

The Lusophone Network: A Global Perspective

The Lusophone community is not limited to Portugal and its immediate neighbors; it encompasses a constellation of countries and territories with historical ties to Portuguese colonialism and exploration. Prominent members include Brazil, Mozambique, Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, São Tomé and Príncipe, and East Timor. Additionally, regions like Macau in China and Goa in India, which bear the marks of Portuguese influence, contribute to the intricate fabric of Lusophone heritage. This sprawling network demonstrates the far-reaching impact of Portuguese exploration and colonization.

The Power of Language as a Cultural Link

The Portuguese language is the cornerstone of the Lusophone identity, creating a shared bond that transcends borders and historical legacies. This linguistic connection enables meaningful communication, exchange of ideas, and artistic collaboration among nations that might otherwise have little in common. It fosters a sense of unity and familiarity, allowing Lusophone communities to appreciate each other's cultural nuances and engage in cross-cultural dialogue.

Cultural Diversity within the Lusophone World

While the Lusophone community shares a linguistic foundation, its diversity is evident in its myriad cultural expressions. Each member nation brings its unique traditions, music, cuisine, and ways of life to the collective table. From the vibrant rhythms of Brazilian samba and the rhythmic beats of Angolan kuduro to the melancholic melodies of Portuguese fado, the Lusophone world pulsates with a kaleidoscope of artistic diversity. This cultural mosaic is a testament to the resilience and adaptability of Lusophone societies as they have evolved.

Historical Legacy and Contemporary Dynamics

The historical legacy of colonialism is a complex facet of the Lusophone identity. While it has left indelible marks on societies and cultures, it has also been a source of introspection, reconciliation, and growth. Many Lusophone countries have embraced their diverse heritage and worked to address past injustices, fostering a spirit of unity and cooperation. These nations have navigated their unique paths to independence and development, often overcoming challenges through collaboration and shared experiences.

Lusophone in the Modern Context

In the modern world, the concept of Lusophone continues to evolve. The Portuguese language is a gateway to international partnerships, trade, and diplomacy, providing a platform for Lusophone nations to engage with the global community. Organizations like the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP) facilitate cooperation among member states, promoting cultural exchange, education, and sustainable development. This collaborative spirit extends to various fields, including science, technology, and the arts, reinforcing the ties that bind the Lusophone community.

Preservation and Innovation: Balancing Tradition and Progress

Preserving cultural heritage while embracing innovation is a delicate balancing act for Lusophone nations. A forward-looking approach to economic and social development complements efforts to safeguard traditional practices, languages, and art forms. For example, countries like Brazil have blended their rich cultural heritage with advancements in technology and industry, leading to a unique fusion of tradition and modernity.

The term "Lusophone" encapsulates far more than a shared language; it embodies a living testament to the interplay between history, culture, and human connections. The Lusophone community showcases the potential for unity amidst diversity, with a linguistic thread that spans continents and fosters mutual understanding. While rooted in a complex history, the Lusophone world is marked by resilience, creativity, and collaboration. As it navigates the complexities of the modern era, the Lusophone identity remains a vibrant tapestry that weaves together the stories, dreams, and aspirations of diverse peoples who share a common bond through the Portuguese language.

[ausetkmt]

Portugal “must apologise and take full responsibility for colonial period”

And that includes apologising for “exploitation, human slavery”

President of the Republic Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa used Liberty Day commemorations today to say that Portugal must apologise and “fully assume responsibility” for the exploitation and human slavery that characterised its colonial past.

Marcelo delivered this arguably popular opinion (a number of countries have decided similarly recently) at the commemorative session in parliament of the 49th anniversary of the April 25 revolution.

He used the example of President Lula da Silva making the first address of the morning as making “perfect sense” because Brazil “pioneered decolonialisation”.

“It’s not just (a question of) saying sorry – which is undoubtedly due”, Marcelo explained, “ because sometimes saying sorry is the easiest thing to do. You say sorry, turn your back, and the job is done. No, it is the assumption of responsibility for the future of the good and bad things we did in the past”, he said.

According to Portugal’s head of State, colonisation of Brazil had some positive factors, “the language, the culture, the unity of Brazilian territory”.

But the negatives were “the exploitation of the indigenous people (…) slavery, the sacrifice of the interests of Brazil and Brazilians.

“The worst of our presence that we must assume, just as we assume the best of that presence. And the same can be said of the best and the worst, the worst and the best of our presence in the empire throughout colonisation”, he concluded.

Literal translation of the president’s speeches can leave readers a little breathless. But the bottom line is clear: apologies are due for what long-dead Portuguese citizens did in the past.

Okay We Will Respond Now -

What Portuguese Colonialism Did to the World ?

RE Ausetkmt 4/27/2023

we asked Bard, Google's AI to write an essay about the said Portuguese colonialism, including facts, and outcomes and this is what it gave us. Enjoy

What Portuguese Colonialism Did to the World ?

RE Ausetkmt 4/27/2023

First We asked this question for comparison to give focus to our thought pattern :

How many countries did Portugal colonize globally?

Portugal colonized over 50 countries, including many in Africa. Some of the most notable Portuguese colonies in Africa include:

Angola

Mozambique

Guinea-Bissau

Cape Verde

São Tomé and Príncipe

Mozambique

Angola

Guinea-Bissau

Cabo Verde

São Tomé and Príncipe

Portuguese India

Portuguese Macau

Portuguese Timor

But we asked again and got a real list -

Sure, here is a complete list of the countries that were colonized by Portugal since the country of Portugal existed:

Africa

Angola

Mozambique

Guinea-Bissau

Cape Verde

São Tomé and Príncipe

Portuguese Guinea

Portuguese Mozambique

Portuguese Angola

Portuguese Cape Verde

Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe

Portuguese India

Portuguese Macau

Portuguese Timor

Americas

Brazil

Portuguese America

Portuguese Caribbean

Portuguese Newfoundland

Asia

Macau

Portuguese Timor

Portuguese India

Portuguese Malacca

Portuguese Goa

Portuguese China

Portuguese Japan

Portuguese Ceylon

Portuguese Mozambique

Portuguese Angola

Portuguese Cape Verde

Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe

Europe

Azores

Madeira

Oceania

Portuguese Timor

Portuguese Macau

We corrected once again with this question and response:

where is portuguese america located and what is it called today

There is no such thing as Portuguese America today. The term Portuguese America was used to refer to the Portuguese colonies in the Americas, which included Brazil, Portuguese Guiana, Portuguese Cape Verde, Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe, Portuguese Angola, and Portuguese Mozambique.

All of these colonies gained independence from Portugal in the 20th century, and are now independent countries.

Brazil is the largest country in South America, and it is the only former Portuguese colony in the Americas that is still considered to be a Portuguese-speaking country.

Portugal's colonial empire was one of the largest and most powerful in history. It lasted for centuries, and it had a profound impact on the people and cultures of the lands it colonized.

Portuguese Colonialism

Portugal was one of the first European nations to engage in colonialism, and its empire lasted for centuries. At its peak, the Portuguese Empire stretched from Africa to Asia, and included territories in South America, the Caribbean, and the Indian Ocean.

The Portuguese were motivated to colonize by a number of factors, including the desire for economic gain, religious conversion, and territorial expansion. The Portuguese were also skilled navigators and explorers, and they were able to establish colonies in some of the most remote parts of the world.

The Portuguese had a significant impact on the people and cultures of the lands they colonized. They introduced new crops, animals, and technologies, and they often forced the local people to convert to Christianity. The Portuguese also enslaved millions of people from Africa and brought them to their colonies in the Americas and Asia.

The Portuguese Empire had a mixed impact on Portugal itself. On the one hand, the empire brought great wealth and power to Portugal. On the other hand, the empire also drained Portugal's resources and led to the neglect of its own people.

The Portuguese Empire began to decline in the 18th century, and it finally collapsed in the 20th century.

Historical Dates

1415: Portugal conquers Ceuta, its first overseas territory.

1420: Portugal begins exploring the coast of Africa.

1498: Vasco da Gama reaches India, opening up a new trade route between Europe and Asia.

1500: Portugal establishes a colony in Brazil.

1510: Portugal conquers Goa, its first major territory in India.

1580: Portugal is united with Spain, forming the Iberian Union.

1640: Portugal regains its independence from Spain.

1755: A devastating earthquake destroys Lisbon and much of Portugal.

1822: Brazil declares its independence from Portugal.

1961: Portugal's African colonies begin to fight for independence.

1974: A military coup in Portugal leads to the end of the Portuguese Colonial War and the independence of Portugal's African colonies.

1999: Portugal returns Macau to China.

Groups of People Enslaved by the Portuguese

The Portuguese enslaved millions of people from Africa, and they brought them to their colonies in the Americas and Asia. The majority of the enslaved people were from West Africa, but people from other parts of Africa were also enslaved. The Portuguese enslaved people for a variety of reasons, including to work on plantations, in mines, and as domestic servants.

Economic Growth for Portugal as a Result of Colonialism

The Portuguese Empire brought great wealth and power to Portugal. The empire provided Portugal with access to new resources, markets, and labor. The empire also helped Portugal to become a major player in global trade. As a result of the empire, Portugal became one of the wealthiest and most powerful nations in Europe.

Conclusion

Portuguese colonialism had a profound impact on the world. The Portuguese Empire was one of the largest and most powerful empires in history, and it had a significant impact on the people and cultures of the lands it colonized. The legacy of Portuguese colonialism is still felt today, and it continues to be a source of conflict and debate.